We have studied earlier that there are three basic pronouns; मद्, त्वद्, and तद्. Out of these three, mad and tvad have optional short forms. They are normally used in poetry and not in sentences. So let’s take a look at them.

Short pronouns ‘etad’ and ‘ena’

mad (no gender)

मद् Singular Dual Plural
Case 1 (subject) मा

नौ
nau
नः
naḥ
Case 2 (object ) मे
me
नौ
nau
नः
naḥ
Case 8 (address) मे
me
नौ
nau
नः
naḥ

tvad (no gender)

मद् Singular Dual Plural
Case 1 (subject) त्वा
tvā

वाम्
vām
वः
vaḥ
Case 2 (object ) ते
te
वाम्
vām
वः
vaḥ


Case 8 (address) ते
te

वाम्
vām
वः
vaḥ

etad

While tad refers to something far away, etad refers to something near to the speaker. This can be taken in a literal sense or abstract.

How to get etad from? It’s easy, just add –e vowel to the front of tad.

तस्मै → एतस्मै
tasmai → etasmai
For it (masculine or neuter)

तासाम् → एतासाम्
tāsām → etāsām
Of them (feminine)

स गच्छति → एष गच्छति
sa gacchati → eṣa gacchati
He goes.

Here the case 1 esah and esā have changed because of internal sandhi.

ena

ena is like a short form of tad, it is not capable of starting a sentence, it occurs in numbers and in a few cases. It refers to something that has already been mentioned. In order to use ena, replace the t part of tad with en. The examples are given below to help you out.

ena (masculine)

एन Singular Dual Plural
Case 2 (object)
एनम्
enam

एनौ
enau

एनान्
enān
Case 3 (with )
एनेन
enena
-

-


Case 6 (of)
ते
te

एनयोः
enayoḥ

-
Case 7 (in)
- एनयोः
enayoḥ
-