1. The Sanskrit word for “and” is “ca”. “ca” can join phrases, verbs, and nouns too. ca is one of the conjunctional words which has joining properties.

नरो गजश् 
naro gajaś ca
The man and the elephant

अश्वो नरो गजश् 
aśvo naro gajaś ca
The horse, the man, and the elephant

गच्छामि पृच्छामि
gacchāmi pṛcchāmi ca
I go and I ask.

गच्छति नरंपश्यति
gacchati naraṃ ca paśyati
He goes and he sees the man.

गच्छति नरं पश्यति
gacchati naraṃ paśyati ca
He goes and he sees the man.

“ca” can be used twice in a sentence, one meaning something else and another something else.

नरश् गजश्
naraś ca gajaś ca
(Both) the man and the elephant.

2. The Sanskrit word for “Or” is va. Just like ca, one of the conjunctional words, va can connect two words.

नरो गजो वा
naro gajo 
The man or the elephant

अश्वो नरो गजो वा
aśvo naro gajo 
The horse, the man, or the elephant

गच्छामि पृच्छामि वा
gacchāmi pṛcchāmi
I go or I ask.

गच्छति नरं वा पश्यति
gacchati naraṃ paśyati
He goes or he sees the man.

गच्छति नरं पश्यति वा
gacchati naraṃ paśyati
He goes or he sees the man.

“va” can be also be used twice in a sentence

नरो वा गजो वा
naro gajo
(Either) the man or the elephant.

3. The Sanskrit word for “not” is na. na can completely turn the meaning of a sentence. Usually, na appears in front of the verb, but if there’s no verb in the sentence it appears at the end.

 गच्छामि
na gacchāmi
I do not go.

नरो वीरो 
naro vīro na
The man is not a hero

नरो वीरः
naro na vīraḥ
The man is not a hero.